STATISTICS

What is statistics?

“Statistics can be defined as a numerical statements of facts in any department of inquiry placed in relation to each other.” (Sir Arthur Lyon Bowley)

The word statistics is derived from the Latin word “status” which means a state. Statistics normally means taking the values of some parameters and plotting it or arranging it in a meaningful manner.

Basically, statistics give us the process by which we can collect, analyze, interpret, present and organize data.

Scope:

    Statistics is used in many sectors such as psychology, geology, sociology, weather forecasting, probability and much more. The goal of statistics is to gain understanding from data, it focuses on applications, and hence, it is distinctively considered as a mathematical science.

Methods:

    The methods involve collecting, summarizing, analyzing, and interpreting variable numerical data. Here are some of the methods provided below

·        Data collection

·        Data summarization

·        Statistical analysis

Data

    Data is a collection of facts, such as numbers, words, measurements, observations etc.

Types of data

1.      Qualitative data- it is a descriptive data. Example- she can run fast, He is thin.

2.      Quantitative data- It is numerical information- It is numerical information.

Example- an Octopus is an eight legged creature.

 

Types of quantitative data

1.      Discrete data- has a particular fixed value. It can be counted.

2.      Continuous data- is not fixed but has a range of data. It can be measured

 

 

Representation of data

1.      Bar Graph

A Bar graph represents grouped data with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally.

2.      Pie Chart

A type of graph in which a circle is divided into sectors. Each of these sectors represents a proportion of the whole.

3.      Line graph

The line chart is represented by a series of data points connected with a straight line. The series of data points are called ‘markers.’

4.      Pictograph

A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase, i.e showing data with the help of pictures. Such as Apple, Banana & Cherry can have different numbers, and it is just a representation of data.

5.      Histogram

A diagram consisting of rectangles. Whose area is proportional to the frequency of a variable and whose width is equal to the class interval.

6.      Frequency distribution

The frequency of a data value is often represented by “f”.  A frequency table is constructed by arranging collected data values in ascending order with their corresponding frequencies.

 

Types of Statistics

1.      Descriptive statistics- Data or collection of data is described in summary.

2.      Inferential statistics- It is used to explain descriptive one.

Applications

·        Applied statistics, theoretical statistics and mathematical statistics

·        Machine learning and data mining

·        Statistics in society

·        Statistics computing

·        Statistics applied to mathematics or the arts.

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